LYMPHADENOPATHY
Related Terms: Adenopathy, lymph node enlargement, lymph node disease, lymph nodes, lymphadenopathy, [[glossary:cancer]], [[glossary:infection]] , immune response, granuloma, [[lymphedema]], granulomatous, inflammation, malignancy. CT scan, PET scan, swollen glands. nodules, neoplasm, Polymerase chain reaction, cervical lymphadenopathy,
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Discussion:
Lymphadenopathy is commonly referred to as enlarged lymph nodes. When a person is experiencing a virus, cold or infection usually they notice the "glands" in their neck may be swollen. This is part of the bodies immune response to any type of foreign invader. The condition is classified as localized if node enlargement is limited to one area. If two or more areas are affected it is referred to as generalized lymphadenopathy.
There have been many questions in our lymphedema groups concerning swollen glands, so I thought it important to included this information page.
*Patient Alert*
By far and wide, the leading cause of secondary lymphedema is the removal of lymph nodes for biopsy. I personally also feel it most cases it can be prevented by utilization of modern diagnostic techniques. Radiological tests such as ultrasounds, MRI, CT and PET have become increasingly sensitive in their abilities to assist in the diagnostic process.
Small needle biopsy or aspiration has also become more sophisticated in its ability to provide an accurate diagnosis. Therefore, if your doctor suggest a lymph node biopsy, insist that they use scans and perform a small needle biopsy first.
In 2000, a small needle biopsy was performed in my right inguinal region. Lymphoscintigraphy had already shown that many of my main inguinal nodes were missing, thus, to remove more would have been catastrophic for my lymphedema. We decided on a SNB and were able to achieve a correct diagnosis with it. The biopsy caused no further complication or worsening of my existing leg lymphedema.
Following the introduction, there is a list of various conditions that may cause lympadenopathy. I understand how tired we all get from being poked, prodded, tested and scanned, but it is important to be patient with and to work with your doctor to correctly understand, diagnose and treat the underlying medical condition causing the swollen glands.
Also of concern would the duration of the nodal involvement. Rapid onset with subsequent decrease to normalcy would be indicative of some type of immune response.
Nodes that are enlarged for an extended period of time could signal a malignancy and will need to be tested.
Etiology:
The causes of lymphadenopathy are extensive and include bacterial, viral, fungal infections. Long term lymphadenopathy might be caused by lymphomas, other malignancies.
Diagnosis:
Diagnostic focus will be on the cause of the enlarged nodes. These test might include a complete blood work up, x-rays and radiology tests such as ultra sounds, MRI or CAT scans may be used. Evaluation of hepatic and renal function and a urine analysis are useful to identify underlying systemic disorders that may be associated with lymphadenopathy.(1)
For long standing lymphadenopathy (lasting several weeks to several months) in addition to the radiological tests, nodal biopsies may be indicated. Physicians should consider small needle biopsies so as to limit the possibility of lymphedema. Otherwise node removal may be done.
Treatment:
Treatment
focuses on the underlying condition causing the lymphadenopathy.
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Lymphadenopathy
Epidemiology
Cancer risk in unexplained adenopathy (primary care)
Age over 40 years: 4% cancer risk
Age under 40 years: 0.4% cancer risk
Definitions
Lymphadenopathy
Lymph nodes with abnormal size
Lymph nodes with abnormal consistency
Lymph nodes of abnormal number
Classifications
Localized lymphadenopathy
Limited to one area of involvement
Generalized Lymphadenopathy
Two or more non-contiguous areas
Causes
General
Infectious Causes of Lymphadenopathy
Common Infectious Causes
Infectious Mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr
Virus)
Toxoplasmosis
Cytomegalovirus
Cat Scratch Disease (Cat Scratch Fever)
Pharyngitis
Tuberculosis
Scarlet Fever
Scabies
Varicella Zoster Virus (Shingles)
Sexually Transmitted Disease Causes of Lymphadenopathy
Hepatitis B
Acute Retroviral Syndrome in HIV Infection
See Lymphadenopathy in HIV
Secondary Syphilis
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Chancroid
Less Common Infectious Causes
Lyme
Disease
Measles
Rubella
Tularemia
Brucellosis
Bubonic Plague
Typhoid Fever
African Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness)
Chagas' Disease
Kala-azar
Sporotrichosis
Collagen Vascular Causes of Lymphadenopathy
Common
Systemic
Lupus Erythematosus
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Less Common
Still's Disease
Dermatomyositis
Neoplastic Causes of Lymphadenopathy
Hodgkin's
Lymphoma
Lymphosarcoma
Histiocytic Medullary Reticulosis
Leukemia
Lymphocytic Leukemia
Myelocytic Leukemia
Metastatic cancer
Melanoma
Kaposi's Sarcoma
Neuroblastoma
Seminoma
Lung Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Renal carcinoma
Head and neck cancers
Gastrointestinal tract cancers
Miscellaneous Causes of Lymphadenopathy
Common
Serum
Sickness
Sarcoidosis
Hyperthyroidism
Less Common
Kawasaki
Disease
Amyloidosis
Niemann-Pick Disease
Gaucher's Disease
Causes of Generalized Lymphadenopathy in HIV
Acute Retroviral Syndrome in HIV Infection
Kaposi's Sarcoma
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Toxoplasmosis
Tuberculosis
Cryptococcosis
Syphilis
Lymphoma
Lymphadenopathy of the Head and Neck
See Also:
Neck Masses in Adults
Neck Masses in Children
Submandibular Exam
Oral Exam
Lip Exam
Virchow's Node
Submandibular Nodes (below angle of jaw)
Drainage Pattern
Tongue
Submaxillary gland
Submental node drainage
Lip and Mouth mucosa
Medial Conjunctiva
Lymphadenopathy Causes (Infections of head and neck)
Acute
Sinusitis
Chronic Sinusitis
Otitis Media
Conjunctivitis
Tinea Capitis
Pharyngitis
Submental Nodes (below chin)
Drainage Pattern
Lower
lip
Floor of Mouth
Tip of Tongue
Skin of Cheek
Lymphadenopathy Causes
Mononucleosis
(Epstein-Barr Virus)
Cytomegalovirus
Toxoplasmosis
Jugular Nodes (anterior border of sternocleidomastoid)
Drainage Pattern
Tongue (except
apex)
Tonsil
Ear pinna
Parotid Gland
Lymphadenopathy Causes
Pharyngitis
Rubella
Posterior Cervical Nodes (behind sternocleidomastoid)
Drainage Pattern
Scalp
Neck
Arm and pectoral skin
Thorax
Cervical and
axillary node drainage
Lymphadenopathy Causes
Tuberculosis
Lymphoma (especially Hodgkin's Lymphoma)
Head and neck cancer
African Trypanosomiasis (Winterbottom's Sign)
Suboccipital nodes (base of skull, below occiput)
Suboccipital Lymphadenopathy may causes Headache
Drainage Pattern
Back of Scalp and Head
Lymphadenopathy Causes
Local
infection
Tinea Capitis
Pediculosis capitis (Lice)
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Secondary Syphilis
Neoplasm
Postauricular nodes (behind pinna of ear)
Drainage Pattern
External
auditory meatus
Posterior Ear pinna
Temproal Scalp
Lymphadenopathy Causes (Local infection)
Otitis
Externa
Tinea Capitis
Secondary Syphilis
Rubella
Preauricular nodes (anterior to ear tragus)
Drainage Pattern
Lateral
Eyelids
Palpebral Conjunctiva
Temporal skin
Anterior Ear pinna
External auditory canal
Lymphadenopathy Causes
Local infection
Rodent
ulcer
Epithelioma
Chancre on face
Erysipelas
Ophthalmic Herpes Zoster
Rubella
Trachoma
Viral Conjunctivitis
Epidemic
Keratoconjunctivitis
Adenoidal-pharyngeal-Conjunctivitis Virus
Not usually seen in Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Chronic granulomatous Conjunctivitis
Parinaud's
oculoglandular syndrome
Complication of
Cat Scratch Disease
(Tularemia)
Chancre (Syphilis)
Tuberculosis
Leptotrichosis (Leptothrix Infection)
Gonorrhea ophthalmia
Sporotrichosis
Glanders
Chancroid
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Chagas Disease
Generalized Acute Cervical Lymphadenopathy Causes
Secondary
Syphilis
Rubella
Infectious Mononucleosis (Epstein Barr Virus)
Generalized Furunculosis
Lice infestation
Serum Sickness
Severe drug allergy (e.g. Penicillin)
Cat Scratch Disease
Cytomegalovirus
Adenovirus
Toxoplasmosis
African Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness)
Kala Azar
Scrub Typhus
History:
Exposures
Cat Exposure (Cat Scratch Disease or Toxoplasmosis)
Ingestion of undercooked meat (Toxoplasmosis)
Tick bite (Lyme Disease or Tularemia)
Tuberculosis exposure
Intravenous Drug Abuse
Blood transfusion history
Sexually Transmitted Disease exposure
Occupational or hobby exposure
Hunters or Trappers (Tularemia)
Fish handlers (Erysipeloid)
Travel to Southwestern United States
Coccidioidomycosis
Bubonic Plague
Travel to Southeastern or central United States
Histoplasmosis
Travel to Southeast Asia and Australia
Scrub Typhus
Travel to central or west Africa
African Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness)
Travel to central or south America
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas' Disease)
Travel East Africa, China, Latin America, Mediterranean
Kala-azar (Leishmaniasis)
Travel Mexico, Peru, Chile, Pakistan, Egypt, Indonesia
Typhoid Fever
Signs
Abnormal lymph node size criteria
Epitrochlear Lymphadenopathy >0.5 cm
Inguinal Lymphadenopathy >1.5 cm
Isolated lymphadenopathy in children >1.5 to 2.0 cm
Other lymphadenopathy >1.0 cm
Tenderness to palpation
Does not differentiate benign from malignant nodes
Lymph node consistency
Rock-hard nodes: metastatic cancer
Firm-rubbery nodes: Lymphoma
Soft nodes:
Inflammation or
infection
Shotty nodes (multiple small buckshot size): Viral
Matted Nodes (connected nodes)
Benign causes
Tuberculosis
Sarcoidosis
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Malignant causes
Metastatic cancer
Lymphoma
Splenomegaly
Infectious Mononucleosis
Hodgkin's Disease
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Acute Leukemia
Rarely associated with metastatic cancer
Diagnostic Evaluation: Initial Tests
Indications
Specific indications based on location and exposures
Generalized Lymphadenopathy
Tests
Complete Blood Count with manual differential
Monospot (Mononucleosis serology)
Diagnostic Evaluation: Second-line Tests
Indications
Specific indications and normal initial tests
Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy
Tests
Tuberculin Skin Test (Purified Protein Derivative)
Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)
Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)
Hepatitis B Serology (HBsAg)
HIV Test
Chest XRay
Diagnostic Evaluation: Third-line Tests (Biopsy)
Indications
Persistent lymphadenopathy for more than 3-4 weeks
Malignancy or serious disease suspected
Biopsy
Lymph node biopsy of most abnormal or largest node
Excisional Biopsy preferred over FNA or needle biopsy
Efficacy
Highest yield site: Supraclavicular nodes
Lowest yield site: Inguinal nodes
Most common findings on biopsy
Abnormal but non-specific findings (40%)
Metastatic cancer (25%)
Intrinsic malignancy such as Lymphoma (20%)
Tuberculosis (10%)
References
Dornbland (1992) Adult Ambulatory Care, p. 662-7
Lee (1999) Wintrobe's Hematology, p. 1826-30
Wilson (1991) Harrison's Internal Medicine, p. 354-6
Ferrer (1998) Am Fam Physician 58(6): 1313-2
Habermann (2000) Mayo Clin Proc 75:728
Libman (1987) J Gen Intern Med 2(1):48-58
Ackowledgement: Family Practice Notebook
http://www.fpnotebook.com/asp3/search2.aspx?qu=lymphadenopathy
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Regional Lymphadenopathy
See Also
Lymphadenopathy
Lymphadenopathy Causes
Lymphadenopathy in the Febrile Returning Traveler
Lymphadenopathy of the Head and Neck
Hilar Adenopathy
Right Supraclavicular Nodes
Drainage Patterns
Mediastinum
Lungs
Esophagus
Lymphadenopathy Causes
Lung Cancer
Gastrointestinal cancer
Cancer of the retroperitoneum
Left Supraclavicular Nodes
Drainage Patterns
Thorax
Abdomen (Thoracic duct drainage)
Lymphadenopathy Causes (See Virchow's Node)
Lymphoma
Cancer of the thorax
Cancer of the retroperitoneum
Bacterial infection
Fungal infection
Axillary Nodes
Drainage Patterns
Arm
Thoracic wall
Breast
Lymphadenopathy Causes
Miscellaneous infectious causes
Cat Scratch Disease
Lymphoma
Breast Cancer
Silicone Breast Implants
Brucellosis
Melanoma
Epitrochlear Nodes (proximal to elbow medial epicondyle)
Drainage Patterns
Ulnar forearm
Ulnar hand
Pinky and ring finger
Lymphadenopathy Causes
Miscellaneous infectious causes
Lymphoma
Sarcoidosis
Tularemia
Secondary Syphilis
Inguinal Nodes
Drainage Patterns
Horizontal Group (along inguinal ligament)
Skin of lower anterior abdominal wall
Retroperitoneal drainage
Penis and scrotum
Vulva and vagina
Gluteal region
Lower anal canal
Perineum
Vertical Group (along upper great saphenous vein)
Penis and scrotum
Gluteal region
Lower limb drainage
Lymphadenopathy Causes
Infections of the leg and foot
Lymphoma
Pelvic malignancy
Bubonic Plague
Tuberculosis
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Herpes Simplex Virus
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Chancroid
Granuloma inguinale
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Non-Causes
Testicular Cancer metastasizes to para-aortic nodes
Acknowledgement: Family Practice
Notebook
http://www.fpnotebook.com/
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Medication Causes of Lymphadenopathy
Causes
Allopurinol
Atenolol (Tenormin)
Captopril
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Cephalosporin Antibiotics
Gold
Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Penicillin
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Primidone (Mysoline)
Pyrimethamine
Quinidine
Sulfonamides
Sulindac (Clinoril)
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Lymphadenopathy
http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm
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Submandibular Lymphadenopathy
Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, cat-scratch disease, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, and bacterial infections are among the most common diagnoses to be considered. Bacterial endocarditis can cause lymphadenopathy and is characterized by fever, history of IV drug use, or known heart valve disease.
Fixed, hard, unilateral (one side of the body) nodes can signal cancer.
Palpable (able to be felt) nodes on the side of the neck are usually benign and often infectious, but a history of smoking or chewing tobacco may cause concern about cancer.
Small, "shotty" nodes, named because they feel like lead pellets (shot), are common and can be followed without evaluation.
Abnormal nodes in the supraclavicular (above the collarbone) area suggest cancer and are candidates for early biopsy regardless of size.
For example, a patient with a movable, stable, soft node in the neck who is otherwise healthy can be observed for months. On the other hand, hard axillary (armpit) or supraclavicular (above the collarbone) nodes raise the suspicion of cancer and require aggressive biopsy (a procedure to sample lymph node tissue).
If adenopathy is chronic in one area, a thorough physical examination will determine if other less obvious nodes are involved, and palpating the liver and spleen may help determine the extent of involvement, particularly significant in lymphoma. Persistent, generalized (throughout the body) lymphadenopathy with no other signs is unusual and requires testing.
Are the nodes tender or firm?
What is the probable cause?
Is there evidence of infection?
Should a biopsy be done?
What further tests do
you recommend?
http://www.healthscout.com/ency/68/566/main.html
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Research Abstracts and Articles
Service de médecine interne, hôpital Razi, 2010, La Manouba, Tunisie.
Lung disease is the most frequent extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. It is detected in nearly 50% of patients with this multisystem affection, his knowledge has benefited from advances in computed tomography (CT). The inflammation can affect the pleura, the airways and the lung parenchyma. Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy complicating rheumatoid lung are not usual, and then pose the problem of differential diagnosis. We report a 51-year-old man, with a history of tobacco intoxication, suffering from rheumatoid arthritis who developed an interstitial lung disease at stage of fibrosis with mediastinal and hilar adenopathy. We will discuss the clinical, paraclinical, evolutionary and therapeutic particularities case.
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ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION:
Melioidosis, endemic in Thailand and in the Northern Territory of Australia is an emerging infectious disease in India which can present with varied forms. A case of melioidosis, presenting as a rare anterior mediastinal mass which can masquerade as a malignancy or as tuberculosis, is described. Our patient developed new submandibular lymph nodes and the mediastinal node initially increased in size on treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this phenomenon has not been documented in the literature. It is important to document the same which is highlighted in this case report.
Case Presentation:
A 43-year-old Asian man with diabetes presented with fever, loss of appetite, weight loss for one month and painful swelling below his left mandible for five days. An examination revealed an enlarged left submandibular lymph node and bilateral axillary lymph nodes. A chest X-ray showed mediastinal widening. Computed tomography of his thorax showed a lobulated heterogeneously enhancing anterior mediastinal mass encasing the superior vena cava suggestive of malignancy. An excision biopsy of the lymph node showed granulomas suggestive of tuberculosis but bone marrow culture and lymph node aspirate culture grew Burkholderia pseudomallei. He was treated with parenteral ceftazidime and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. During the course of treatment, he developed an enlargement of the submandibular lymph node on the opposite side. It gradually subsided with the continuation of therapy orally with a combination of cotrimoxazole and doxycycline for six months. A repeat computed tomography chest scan showed resolution of the mediastinal mass.
CONCLUSION:
Melioidosis can present as a mediastinal mass that mimics tuberculosis or malignancy. During the treatment of melioidosis, the appearance of new lymph nodes or an increase in the size of the existing lymph nodes does not mean treatment failure. Inexperienced clinicians may consider this as treatment failure and may switch treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report documenting this phenomenon in melioidosis cases.
Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan, emikot@aichi-med-u.ac.jp.
We report a unique case of primary IgG4-related lymphadenopathy showing prominent granulomatous inflammation and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation. Involved lymph nodes showed an expanded interfollicular zone with prominent granulomatous inflammation, including a predominance of epithelioid macrophages and occasional Langhans multinucleated giant cells. Bundles of spindle cells were also observed. Intermingled with the granulomatous inflammation were numerous mature plasma cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils. The percentage of IgG4+/IgG+ plasma cells was markedly elevated (70%), along with raised serum IgG4 levels. The plasma cells did not show immunoglobulin light-chain restriction. EBV-positive lymphocytes were scattered throughout the paracortical areas. Corticosteroid treatment was very effective. IgG4-related lymphadenopathy has a broad histological spectrum and might be misdiagnosed due to other conditions which morphologically closely resemble it. The correct diagnosis is important in view of the remarkable response to steroid therapy.
Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
Mesenteric lymphadenopathy has been rarely reported in pediatric patients with Gaucher disease, developing despite the enzyme replacement therapy. The clinical implication of this condition is undetermined, with no consensus on treatment strategies. However, this condition can reflect the progression of Gaucher disease. Moreover, it can be accompanied by the serious complication, protein-losing enteropathy. Our experience underlines the importance of careful monitoring and early intervention for mesenteric lymphadenopathy, especially in pediatric patients with neuronopathic Gaucher disease.
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Department of Medical Oncology, Cebeci Hospital, Ankara University School of Medicine, 06590, Dikimevi, Ankara, Turkey.
Aim: Kikuchi - Fujimoto disease (KFD) or histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis is a rare disorder and often confused with lymphoma. Patient: There is presented a case of 28-year-old patient with cervical lymphadenopathy, who had history of lymphoma. Results: On immunohistopathologic examination diagnosis of KFD was made and patient followed without any treatment. Conclusion: Patient's lymphadenopathy had almost resolved and he was completely asymptomatic after three months. In patient with cervical lymphadenopathy KFD should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
KFD or histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis is a rare disorder. Although it is primarily affecting young adults of Asian descent, KFD is being increasingly reported in other areas [1–3]. It is generally a self-limiting benign condition and is characterized by patients presenting with cervical lymphadenopathy, fevers and malaise. The clinical features can also be consistent with malign lymphomatous disorders [4]. The clinician being referred patients with cervical lumps should be aware of this condition as part of their clinical assessment. Histological examination is the only means of definitive diagnosis, so the provision of clear clinical information and adequate biopsy material to the pathologist is critical.
Experimental Oncology
http://exp-oncology.com.ua/article/2437
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Section of Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, 71130-3932, USA.
Allergen immunotherapy is commonly incorporated in the management of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic asthma, and insect sting hypersensitivity. It is generally safe, but systemic reactions occasionally occur, mainly of the immediate type and rarely of the delayed type. We report a case of a 50-year-old man with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis on immunotherapy for 3 years and then received an injection from another patient's extract. The latter contained a higher concentration of house-dust mite and pollens of grasses, trees, and weeds. It also contained molds that the patient's correct extract did not have. Within half an hour, he developed a systemic reaction that resolved with symptomatic treatment. Two weeks later, he received one-half of his usual immunotherapy dose. Within a week, he developed urticaria, arthralgia, myalgia, fever, andlymphadenopathy. Laboratory abnormalities included leukocytosis, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hematuria, and elevated liver enzymes. Oral corticosteroid therapy for 3 weeks was ineffective. He developed significant myalgia and apparent mood changes, attributable to corticosteroid intake. After a single plasmapheresis, he felt remarkable improvement within <24 hours. Corticosteroid therapy was gradually withdrawn over 10 weeks without relapse of symptoms. This is a rare case of probable serum sickness after the administration of a wrong allergy immunotherapy extract. However, a causal relationship could not be proven. The response was poor to prolonged corticosteroid therapy but was remarkable to one plasmapheresis.
Ingenta - PubMed
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, Korea.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of FNA, Tb-PCR, and CBC as an initial work-up protocol for cervicallymphadenopathy to reiterate the importance of CBC in terms of predicting the clinical course. In this consecutive case series, 158 patients with cervical lymphadenopathy were enrolled. All patients underwent FNA and CBC, with or without Tb-PCR. The validity of combined FNA ± Tb-PCR and CBC in the diagnosis of diseases requiring definitive treatment was evaluated. Final diagnoses were self-limiting disease in 110 (69.6%), malignancy in 19 (12.0%), and tuberculosis in 26 (16.5%). Sensitivity of FNA ± Tb-PCR was 66.7% and of added CBC profile was 97.9%. Patients with neutropenia or lymphocytosis were found to have a higher chance of spontaneous recovery than patients with a normal WBC profile. FNA and Tb-PCR were found to be important in patients aged more than 20. The results indicate that FNA, Tb-PCR, and CBC are basic and essential in initial work-up for cervical lymphadenopathy. In particular, CBC was found to aid in detecting criticaldiseases and predicting the likelihood of open biopsy in patients with negative FNA and Tb-PCR. Patient age was also found to be an important determinant of the work-up protocol.
SpringerLink
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Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia.
Foreign body granuloma is a reaction to either a biodegradable substance or inert material. In a breast cancer patient who had undergone an excision or mastectomy with axillary clearance, a foreign body granuloma in the axilla may be misinterpreted as an axillary lymph node. We report our experience with a case of cotton-ball granuloma of the axilla in a breast cancer patient, which mimics a lymph node radiologically from the CT scan, mammogram and ultrasonography. Following biopsy and excision, the mass was diagnosed histologically as a foreign body granuloma.
Full text article
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Lymph node enlargement in pulmonary arterial hypertension due to chronic thromboembolism.
J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2008 Feb
Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. c.bergin@auckland.ac.nz
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and location of enlarged mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) due to chronic pulmonary thromboembolism (CPTE) and to identify possible causes. Thoracic CT images of 85 patients (43 men and 42 women, aged 18-80 years) with PAH in whom CPTE was confirmed at surgery (n = 75) or angiography and angioscopy (n = 10) were evaluated by two thoracic radiologists to determine the presence, size and location of lymph nodes more than 1 cm in the short axis. The presence of pleural and pericardial effusions and parenchymal abnormalities were also noted. Enlarged lymph nodes were identified in 38 patients (44.7%), including 11 with possible causes of lymphadenopathy other than CPTE. In the 27 patients with CPTE alone, 67 enlarged lymph nodes were detected (average 2.5 per patient). Nine patients had three or more enlarged lymph nodes. The most common sites of lymph node enlargement were American Thoracic Society locations 7 (n = 13), 6 (n = 10), 11L (n = 9), 10R (n = 7) and 4R (n = 7). Pleural and pericardial effusions were more common in patients with CPTE who also had lymphadenopathy than in the group with no lymphadenopathy (P < 0.05). Lymph node enlargement is common in patients with PAH caused by CPTE. The frequent association of lymphadenopathy with pleural and pericardial effusions suggest a possible pathophysiological mechanism of increased lymphatic flow caused by right heart failure.
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Early diagnosis of Kawasaki disease in patients with cervical lymphadenopathy.
Pediatr Int. 2008 Apr
Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima City Medical Association Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan.
Background: Among typical patients with Kawasaki disease (KD), a few KD patients present with only fever and cervical lymphadenopathy at admission (KDL). These patients have a significant risk for misdiagnosis, delay in treatment for KD, and development of coronary artery abnormalities. Therefore, the development of an easy tool for early diagnosis in these patients is desirable. Methods and Results: Patients who presented with only fever and cervical lymphadenopathy at admission were studied. Of these, 14 patients were eventually diagnosed with KD (KDL) and 24 patients were successfully treated using antibiotics (control). KDL patients were significantly older than control patients (P > 0.022). Among the laboratory findings, neutrophil counts (P > 0.003), C-reactive protein (CRP; P < 0.001), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; P > 0.018) were significantly different between the groups. To discriminate KDL patients from controls, cut-off points of the aforementioned parameters (KDL indices) were determined using the receiver operating characteristic curves in order to maximize sensitivity and accuracy (age, 5.0 years; neutrophil counts, 10 000/muL; CRP, 7.0 mg/dL; AST, 30 IU/L). One point was assigned if a subject exceeded the cut-off point in a KDL index. If a patient with three or four KDL indices was considered to have KD, the sensitivity was 78% and the specificity 100%. None of the patients with one or zero KDL index developed KD. Conclusions: KDL indices may be helpful in discriminating KDL from lymphadenitis at admission. It is important to monitor the symptoms of KD in a patient with three or four KDL indices at admission.
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Abscess-forming lymphadenopathy and osteomyelitis in children with Bartonella henselae infection.
J Med Microbiol. 2008 Apr
1Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
Bartonella henselae is the agent of cat-scratch disease (CSD), a chronic lymphadenopathy among children and adolescents. A systemic infection is very rare and most of these cases are found in patients with immunodeficiency. Here, cases involving four children of 6-12 years of age are reported. Three of the children had an abscess-forming lymphadenopathy and surrounding myositis in the clavicular region of the upper arm. The diagnosis was made serologically and, in one case, using eubacterial universal PCR. One child was treated with erythromycin for 10 days, the second received cefotaxime and flucloxacillin for 14 days and the third child was not treated with antibiotics. The fourth child had a different course: a significantly elevated signal intensity affecting the complete humerus was found in magnetic resonance imaging, consistent with osteomyelitis. A lymph node abscess was also found in the axilla. Diagnosis was established by indirect fluorescence assay and lymph node biopsy. Antibiotic therapy using clarithromycin, clindamycin and rifampicin was gradually successful. Immunodeficiency was excluded. All described lesions healed without residues. In immunocompetent patients, infection affects skin and draining lymph nodes; however, prolonged fever of unknown origin as in the fourth patient indicated a systemic complication of CSD.
Journal of Medical Microbiology
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Lymphadenopathy of IgG4-related Sclerosing Disease.
Am J Surg Pathol. 2008 Mar
Departments of *Pathology ‡Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital †Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital §Bank of America Tower, Central, Hong Kong ∥Melbourne Plaza, Central, Hong Kong.
IgG4-related sclerosing disease is a recently recognized syndrome characterized by mass-forming lesions in exocrine glands or extranodal tissues due to lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and sclerosis, a raised serum IgG4 level and increased IgG4+ plasma cells in the involved tissues. We report the morphologic features of the enlarged regional (n=3) and nonregional lymph nodes (n=3) in patients with this syndrome. The patients presented with autoimmune pancreatitis, lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing cholangitis, chronic sclerosing dacryoadenitis, or chronic sclerosing sialadenitis. The histologic features of the lymph nodes could be categorized into 3 patterns: Castleman diseaselike, follicular hyperplasia, and interfollicular expansion by immunoblasts and plasma cells. The percentage of IgG4+/IgG+ plasma cells was markedly elevated (mean 62% vs. 9.9% in 54 control lymph nodes comprising a wide variety of reactive conditions). We also report 6 cases of primary lymphadenopathy characterized by increased IgG4+/IgG+plasma cells (mean 58%). These cases share many clinical and pathologic similarities with IgG4-related sclerosing disease. In fact, 2 of these patients developed lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing cholangitis or lacrimal and submandibular gland involvement during the clinical course. These cases therefore probably represent primary lymph node manifestation of the disease. The importance of recognition of the lymphadenopathic form of IgG4-related sclerosing disease lies in the remarkable response to steroid therapy, and the potential of mistaking the disease for lymphoma either clinically or histologically.
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Uses and limitations of fine needles aspiration cytology in the diagnostic work-up of patients with superficial lymphadenopathy.
Nig Q J Hosp Med. 2007 Oct-Dec
Faculty of Medicine Bayero University, Kano.
Lymph node fine needle aspirations in 93 patients were studied to ascertain the usefulness of FNA cytology in determining the therapeutic approach. Cytologic results were compared with histologic diagnoses in 35 cases that underwent both aspiration and excisional biopsy. The cases with histological diagnoses included 17 (28.3%) of the 60 cytologically benign cases, 6 (75.0%) of the 8 cytologically suspicious cases, 10 (55.5%) of the 18 cytologically malignant cases and 2 (28.6%) of the 7 cytologically unsatisfactory cases. FNA in the present series showed a sensitivity of 90.0 per cent and specificity of 82.3 percent. It is concluded from this data that FNA can be an accurate, inexpensive and quick method of initial diagnosis in superficial lymphadenopathy.
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External Links:
Lymphadenopathy: Differential Diagnosis and
Evaluation
http://www.aafp.org/afp/981015ap/ferrer.html
---------------
Lymphadenopathy
and Malignancy
http://www.aafp.org/afp/20021201/2103.html
---------------
Lymphadenopathy
(1)
http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1333.htm
---------------
Lymphadenopathy
MedLine Plus
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003097.htm
---------------
Thorax -
Lymphadenopathy
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Radio/sarc/xrynodes.htm
---------------
Lymph
Follicular Hypertrophy
Alternate Names : Lymphadenopathy
Definition
Lymph follicular hypertrophy is increased size of the lymph follicles.
Lymph
nodes act as filters keeping organisms, especially bacteria, from
entering the
bloodstream.
http://health.allrefer.com/health/lymph-follicular-hypertrophy-info.html
---------------
Lymphadenopathy
http://scinfo.org/problem-oriented-clinical-guidelines/specific-problems-lymphadenopathy
---------------
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22126582
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---------------
http://www.elsevier.es/en/node/2505605
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Diagnostic Codes - ICD10 - ICD 9
| ICD-10 | I88.
|
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| ICD-9 | 289.1-289.3
2008 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis 289.1
|
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| DiseasesDB | 22225 |
|---|---|
| eMedicine | ped/1333 |
| MeSH | D008206 |
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Diagnostic Images
Yahoo
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Related Lymphedema People Medical Blogs and Pages:
http://bacteriainfections.blogspot.com
http://antibioticinformation.blogspot.com/
http://cellulitisinfections.blogspot.com/
http://mrsainformation.blogspot.com/
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/phpBB2/viewforum.php?f=34
Antibiotic Therapy, Types of Antibiotics
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/thesite/lymphedema_antibiotics.htm
=================
Join us as we work for lymphedema patients everywehere:
Advocates for Lymphedema
Dedicated to be an advocacy group for lymphedema patients. Working towards education, legal reform, changing insurance practices, promoting research, reaching for a cure.
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| Subscribe: | AdvocatesforLymphedema-subscribe@yahoogroups.com |
Pat O'Connor
Lymphedema People / Advocates for Lymphedema
=================
For information about Lymphedema
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=lymphedema\
For Information about Lymphedema Complications
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=complications_of_lymphedema
For Lymphedema Personal Stories
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/phpBB2/viewforum.php?f=3
For information about How to Treat a Lymphedema Wound
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=how_to_treat_a_lymphedema_wound
For information about Lymphedema Treatment
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=treatment
For information about Exercises for Lymphedema
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=exercises_for_lymphedema
For information on Infections Associated with Lymphedema
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=infections_associated_with_lymphedema
For information on Lymphedema in Children
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=lymphedema_in_children
Lymphedema Glossary
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=glossary:listing
=================
Lymphedema People - Support Groups
-----------------------------
Children
with Lymphedema
The time has come for families, parents, caregivers to have a support
group of
their own. Support group for parents, families and caregivers of
chilren with
lymphedema. Sharing information on coping, diagnosis, treatment and
prognosis.
Sponsored by Lymphedema People.
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/childrenwithlymphedema/
Subscribe: childrenwithlymphedema-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
......................
Lipedema
Lipodema Lipoedema
No matter how you spell it, this is another very little understood and
totally
frustrating conditions out there. This will be a support group for
those
suffering with lipedema/lipodema. A place for information, sharing
experiences,
exploring treatment options and coping.
Come join, be a part of the family!
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/lipedema_lipodema_lipoedema/?yguid=209645515
Subscribe: lipedema_lipodema_lipoedema-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
......................
MEN WITH LYMPHEDEMA
If
you are a man with lymphedema; a
man with a loved one with lymphedema who you are trying to help and
understand
come join us and discover what it is to be the master instead of the
sufferer of
lymphedema.
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/menwithlymphedema/
Subscribe: menwithlymphedema-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
......................
All
About Lymphangiectasia
Support group for parents, patients, children who suffer from all forms
of
lymphangiectasia. This condition is caused by dilation of the
lymphatics. It can
affect the intestinal tract, lungs and other critical body areas.
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/allaboutlymphangiectasia/
Subscribe: allaboutlymphangiectasia-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
......................
Lymphatic
Disorders Support Group @ Yahoo Groups
While we have a number of support groups for lymphedema... there is
nothing out
there for other lymphatic disorders. Because we have one of the most
comprehensive information sites on all lymphatic disorders, I thought
perhaps,
it is time that one be offered.
DISCRIPTION
Information and support for rare and unusual disorders affecting the
lymph
system. Includes lymphangiomas, lymphatic malformations,
telangiectasia,
hennekam's syndrome, distichiasis, Figueroa
syndrome, ptosis syndrome, plus many more. Extensive database of
information
available through sister site Lymphedema People.
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/lymphaticdisorders/
Subscribe: lymphaticdisorders-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
=================
Lymphedema People New Wiki Pages
Have
you seen our new “Wiki”
pages yet? Listed
below are just a
sample of the more than 140 pages now listed in our Wiki section. We
are also
working on hundred more. Come
and
take a stroll!
Lymphedema
Glossary
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=glossary:listing
Lymphedema
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=lymphedema
Arm
Lymphedema
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=arm_lymphedema
Leg
Lymphedema
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=leg_lymphedema
Acute
Lymphedema
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=acute_lymphedema
The
Lymphedema Diet
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=the_lymphedema_diet
Exercises
for Lymphedema
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=exercises_for_lymphedema
Diuretics
are not for Lymphedema
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=diuretics_are_not_for_lymphedema
Lymphedema
People Online Support
Groups
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=lymphedema_people_online_support_groups
Lipedema
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=lipedema
Treatment
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=treatment
Lymphedema
and Pain Management
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=lymphedema_and_pain_management
Manual
Lymphatic Drainage (MLD) and Complex Decongestive Therapy (CDT)
Infections
Associated with Lymphedema
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=infections_associated_with_lymphedema
How
to Treat a Lymphedema Wound
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=how_to_treat_a_lymphedema_wound
Fungal
Infections Associated with
Lymphedema
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=fungal_infections_associated_with_lymphedema
Lymphedema
in Children
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=lymphedema_in_children
Lymphoscintigraphy
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=lymphoscintigraphy
Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=magnetic_resonance_imaging
Extraperitoneal
para-aortic lymph node dissection (EPLND)
Axillary
node biopsy
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=axillary_node_biopsy
Sentinel
Node Biopsy
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=sentinel_node_biopsy
Small
Needle Biopsy - Fine Needle Aspiration
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=small_needle_biopsy
Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=magnetic_resonance_imaging
Lymphedema
Gene FOXC2
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=lymphedema_gene_foxc2
Lymphedema Gene VEGFC
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=lymphedema_gene_vegfc
Lymphedema Gene SOX18
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=lymphedema_gene_sox18
Lymphedema
and Pregnancy
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=lymphedema_and_pregnancy
Home page: Lymphedema People
http://www.lymphedemapeople.com
Page Updated: Feb. 7, 2012